Basmati Rice

Basmati (pronounced IPA:  [baːsmət̪iː]  in South Asia) is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic  rice  which is traditionally from the  Indian subcontinent . ^[1]  As of 2014, India exported 59 percent of the overseas basmati rice market, while Pakistan accounted for the remainder, according to the state-run Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority. However, many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops.  ^[2]

History and etymology

"Basmati" derives from the  Hindi / Urdu  बासमती باسمتی bāsmatī, literally meaning "fragrant" ^[3]  ( Sanskrit  बासमती, bāsamatī). Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. The earliest extant work to mention basmati rice is  Heer Ranjha  (1766). ^{[4] [5]}

Basmati was introduced to the Middle East by Hindu traders. It remains not only an important part of various  South Asian  cuisines, but now is also used extensively in  Persian ,  Arab , and other  Middle Eastern cuisines  as well. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the growers and exporters of this type of rice. ^[6]

Production and cultivation[ edit ]

India accounts for over 70% of the world's basmati rice production. ^[7]  A small portion of that is being  grown organically . Organisations such as  Kheti Virasat Mission  are trying to increase the amount of basmati rice that is being grown in the Punjab in India. ^{[8] [9]}

In India[ edit ]

The areas of basmati rice production in India are in the states of  Punjab ,  Haryana ,  Himachal Pradesh ,  Delhi ,  Uttarakhand ,  Uttar Pradesh  and  Bihar . India's total basmati production for the July 2011–June 2012 crop year was 5 million tonnes. ^[10]  In India, Haryana is the major basmati rice cultivating state, producing more than 60 percent of the total basmati rice produced in India.

In Nepal[ edit ]

Basmati rice is produced mainly in the  Kathmandu Valley  and the  Terai  region of  Nepal . Unique Nepali varieties of Basmati rice were barred from exporting to other parts of the world although this bar might be lifted.  ^[11]

In Pakistan[ edit ]

In Pakistan, 95 percent of the basmati rice cultivation takes place in the  Punjab province , where total production was 2.47 million tonnes in 2010. ^{[12] [13]}

Aroma and flavour[ edit ]

Basmati rice has a typical pandan-like ( Pandanus amaryllifolius  leaf) flavour caused by the  aroma compound   2-acetyl-1-pyrroline . ^[14]  Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times more than non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive spicy fragrance and flavour. ^[15]  This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruits and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma. ^[16]

Varieties and hybrids

There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) & Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the Indo -Pak border in Jammu & Kashmir state of India. 1121 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani varieties of basmati rice are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice and D-98.

Scientists at  Indian Agricultural Research Institute ,  Delhi , used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called "Todal", because the flower has  awns ); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

Approved varieties

Nepal varieties

Basmati 217, Pusa Basmati, Basmati 1, Nepalese red Basmati.

Indian varieties

Basmati,  P3 Punjab ,  type III Uttar Pradesh ,  hbc -19 Safidon ,  386 Haryana , Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370,  Bihar , Kasturi, Mahi Suganda,  Pusa 1121 .

Pakistani varieties

Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice, ^[17]  Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000 and Basmati 198. ^[18]

Related varieties

In the United States, a variety of rice based on Basmati called Texmati is grown. ^[19]

In  Kenya , a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the  Mwea  region. ^[20]

Basmati Certification

Basmati mark is DNA-fingerprinting based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF). ^[21]

Adulteration

Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the  Food Standards Agency  found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to sign up to a code of practice. ^[22]  A 2010 U.K. test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all. ^[23]

A  PCR -based assay similar to  DNA fingerprinting  in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%. ^[24]  Exporters of basmati rice use "purity certificates" based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments. ^[25]  Based on this protocol, which was developed at the  Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration. ^[26]

Patent battle

In September 1997, a  Texas  company,  RiceTec , was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on "basmati rice lines and grains". The patent secures lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by  Prince Hans-Adam  of  Liechtenstein , faced international outrage over allegations of  biopiracy . It had also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the  WTO  as a violation of  TRIPS . Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the  United States Patent and Trademark Office , RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice lines "basmati". ^[27]  A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company. ^[28]